Los calibres

La colección Frédérique Constant está construida alrededor
de movimientos mecánicos suizos de alta precisión

CALIBRE FC-310

La rueda del péndulo gira una vez en el sentido de las agujas del reloj y otra vez en el sentido contrario, alrededor de un eje de rubí. Esta rotación se controla por la espiral que se rosca y desenrosca constantemente, y que se puede apreciar a través de la apertura recortada en la esfera de los modelos Heart Beat de Frédérique Constant watches.


Especificaciones:
Calibre FC-310 automático
Heart Beat
Carga Automática
28.800 alternancias /hora
25 rubís
Sistema Antichoque Incabloc
1 tambor
Reserva de marcha de 42 horas
Puentes superiores decorados a la manera «Côtes de Genève»

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CALIBRE FC-395

Frédérique Constant incorpora un nuevo modelo a su prestigiosa línea Highlife : el Highlife Cronógrafo fase lunar. El Highlife Cronógrafo fase lunar está construido sobre un módulo FC-395. Está disponible en brazalete de acero inoxidable, en correa de avestruz o de caimán auténtico.

Se trata de un Cronógrafo multifunciones. El movimiento FC-395 elegantemente decorado « Côte de Genève » se reviste con una magnífica caja en acero inoxidable. El firme carácter de la caja se afianza con pulsadores ovalados. El escudo Frédérique Constant está grabado en la corona..

La esfera está disponible en color plata o negro. El centro de la esfera se reviste en la superficie con un grabado que retoma el emblema Frédérique Constant. Las horas se indican mediante grandes números árabes de forma estilizada. La fecha se lee en el extremo de la aguja roja, en el borde externo de la esfera. El escudo Frédérique Constant colocado a las 3h en la esfera es de oro gris de 18 K.


Frédérique Constant introdujo el Heart Beat en 1994, Heart Beat que encontramos frecuentemente en los modelos de la línea Highlife.  Por primera vez en la historia, la rueda del péndulo y el escape que constituyen el corazón de los relojes Frédérique Constant  se hacían visibles.  La actual colección Highlife se compone de 6 modelos : la elegante línea femenina Alure, el sencillo deportivo Ronde, el exclusivo Day-Date, el excepcional Segundo Retrógrado, el Cronógrafo fase lunar y, por supuesto, el Tourbillon.

Especificaciones :

Calibre FC-395
Cronógrafo fase lunar
Automático
28.800 alternancias/hora
25 rubís
Sistema antichoque Incabloc
1 tambor
Reserva de marcha de 42 horas
Fecha por aguja
Contador crono 30 minutos, 12 horas
Indicador fase lunar
Puentes superiores decorados al modo «côtes de Genève»
Puentes inferiores decorados al modo « colimaçon »

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CALIBRE FC-610

La rueda del péndulo y el escape son el corazón de un movimiento mecánico Frédérique Constant. Contribuyen a conservar una precisión regular. En un movimiento Heart Beat automático, el péndulo glucydur asociado a la espiral Nivarox late 28.800 veces por hora.

La rueda del péndulo gira una vez en el sentido de las agujas del reloj y otra vez en el sentido contrario, alrededor de un eje de rubí.  Esta rotación se controla por la espiral que se rosca y desenrosca constantemente, y que se puede apreciar a través de la apertura recortada en la esfera de los modelos Heart Beat de Frédérique Constant.

En colaboración con Dubois-Dépraz de la Vallée de Joux, Frédérique Constant ha desarrollado diversas complicaciones. El Heart Beat Day-Date es una complicación que indica el día y la fecha gracias a dos agujas diferentes, colocadas en un contador a las 6h. Esta complicación fue desarrollada sobre un módulo completo que se fijaba sobreponiéndose encima del movimiento mediante dos pies situados a 180 º uno del otro. El lazo entre el módulo y el movimiento se hace a través del disco de la fecha.

Especificaciones :

Calibre FC-610
Heart Beat Day-Date
Automático
28.800 alternancias/hora
27 rubís
Sistema antichoque Incabloc
1 tambor
Reserva de marcha de 42 horas
Fecha por aguja
Contador crono 30 minutos, 12 horas
Indicador fase lunar
Puentes superiores decorados al modo «côtes de Genève»
Puentes inferiores decorados al modo « colimaçon »

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CALIBRE FC-680

Es una gran primicia para Frédérique Constant Genève, quien ha desarrollado, conjuntamente con Agenhor, una complicación tan lúdica como compleja, el segundo retrógrado. Situada a las 6h, la aguja retrógrada efectúa una carrera de 30 segundos, después, incansablemente, vuelve a cero en 1/100 de segundo.

Si nos internamos en el corazón del módulo retrógrado comprenderemos como se obra la magia... No menos de 39 piezas, todas ellas cuidadosamente decorada y numeradas, aseguran el funcionamiento de éste pequeño módulo engastado con 8 rubís, prueba de su gran calidad. Algunas piezas, como la lámina de fricción que mide 5/100 mm (el grosor de un cabello), trabajada en una aleación especial que contiene fósforo, ¡son verdaderas obras de arte mecánicas!.

Cada elemento juega un papel esencial en este perfecto conjunto, pero los más importantes son, sin lugar a dudas, la leva y la espiral. Aunque la leva de dos jorobas efectúa su rotación en 1 minuto, es el paso de cada joroba (cada 30 segundos) que activa el retorno de la aguja retrógrada a su punto de partida. La rapidez de ejecución del retorno se debe a otro elemento fundamental del módulo, la espiral, verdadero corazón del sistema: instalada sobre el pivote que lleva la aguja, permite la recuperación final de todos los retozos del movimiento. Su presencia en el último móvil, suprime todos los errores que, sin ella, podrían llegar a se hasta de 4 segundos.

El módulo no es únicamente una obra maestra de la técnica, también posee una gran belleza: Côtes de Genève, grabados bicolores, fondos ahuecados decorados con perlas y puentes angulosos, todo cuidado hasta el más mínimo detalle. En realidad, cada uno de los componentes posee el grado de acabado requerido para obtener el “Punzón de Genève”.

Especificaciones :

Calibre FC-680
Highlife Heart Beat Retrógrado
Automático
28.800 alternancias /hora
27 rubís
Módulo 30 segundos retrógrados
Reserva de marcha de 42 horas
Ajuste de horas, minutos y segundos mediante la corona

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CALIBRE FC-710

Aquellos que aprecian las piezas de excepción, prefieren los relojes mecánicos. Para un coleccionista, un reloj mecánico posee mucho más carácter que un reloj de cuarzo ya que se realiza con cientos de componentes producidos con una tolerancia de 0.001 mm.

En el corazón de un reloj mecánico late la rueda del péndulo que arrastra y es arrastrada a su vez por la espiral. El trabajo realizado por la rueda del péndulo es intenso. En un reloj Frédérique Constant la rueda del péndulo gira hasta 28.800 veces/hora y el engranaje principal avanza 691.200 veces/24 h. En cuatro años,  esto representa 1000 millones de impulsos.


El Heart Beat calendario Perpetual, es una pieza muy complicada de montar. Funciona durante más de un siglo sin ajustar ni el día, ni la fecha, ni el mes, ni el año. Este mecanismo tan complicado está programado para ajustarse automáticamente los meses de 28 días, de 30 y de 31 días, así como los años bisiestos.

Especificaciones :

Calibre FC-710
Calendario perpétuo
Automático
28.800 alternancias /hora
21 rubís
Sistema antichoque Incabloc
1 tambor
Reserva de marcha de 42 horas
Fecha, día y mes por aguja
Puentes superiores decorados al modo «côtes de Genève»
Puentes inferiores decorados al modo « colimaçon »

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CALIBRE FC-800

El Tourbillon Frédérique Constant responde a la nominación: "Tourbillon Volant" : Efectúa una vuelta por minuto. De todos los calibres con complicaciones inventados por los maestros relojeros a lo largo de los siglos, el Tourbillon es sin duda la pieza maestra más difícil de realizar.

La precisión y la complejidad de las piezas que lo componen son tales que únicamente unos pocos relojeros han gozado en el pasado e incluso hoy en día de la suficiente maestría y competencia para llevar a fin una obra semejante.

El Tourbillon Frédérique Constant está compuesto por una jaula móvil “pilotada” por el tren de escape. Esta jaula es la que lleva la rueda del péndulo y el escape. Cuando el reloj cambia de posición, la rueda del péndulo recibe un “impulso” que provoca la rotación de la jaula sobre su propio eje. El Tourbillon  efectúa una rotación por minuto, compensando así las variaciones de marcha entre las diferentes posiciones del reloj.


La gravedad, es decir la atracción terrestre, es una de las principales causas de las variaciones de marcha de la rueda del péndulo de un movimiento mecánico. Según la posición del reloj a diario, se aprecian pequeñas variaciones según se sitúa  el reloj en posición horizontal o vertical. Estas variaciones son las que conviene compensar para asegurar la máxima precisión posible del movimiento haciendo constante la oscilación del péndulo. El mecanismo Tourbillon elimina los roces entre los principales componentes mecánicos del calibre. Colocando el “Corazón” del movimiento en una jaula móvil giratoria, el Toubillon anula las fricciones mecánicas entres estos componentes y compensa así los efectos de la gravedad.

Especificaciones :

Calibre FC-800
Tourbillon, 1 rotación por minuto
Carga manuel
28.800 alternancias /hora
23 rubís
Sistema antichoque Incabloc
2 tambores
Reserva de marcha de 72 horas
Fecha por aguja
Puentes decorados a la manera «côtes de Genève» y «colimaçon»

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CALIBRE FC-910

During  two and a half years, Frédérique Constant has been working passionately on the Heart Beat Manufacture calibre to add to its collection. The success of the Heart Beat, launched in 1994, was reason enough for Frédérique Constant to search for a unique alternative.

The Heart Beat calibre is a completely new movement with a number of specific patented features. Its Heart Beat opening is perfectly centred at 6 o'clock with the fine regulation at the side of the dial, creating a technically new appealing and robust calibre design. Frédérique Constant is proud to present its Heart Beat Manufacture Calibre at Baselworld 2004. Variations of the calibre are presently being developed.

Team and Co-operation
The Heart Beat Movement was developed by a Frédérique Constant team of eight specialists from and in co-operation with the École d'Horlogerie de Genève, École d'Ingenieurs de Genève and the Horloge Vakschool Zadkine. 14 of the finest specialists of mechanical watch components were carefully selected for the production of the components of this new manufacture calibre.

Timetable
The idea of creating a Heart Beat calibre was mentioned in October 2001. Three months later extensive research and intensive discussions with the various parties took place and, in April 2002 the modelling in CAD software started. In December 2002 the first handmade prototype was ready. In February 2003 adjustments were made and the production of the second prototype started. In May 2003 the second prototype was ready. In October 2003, the production 0 was initiated. In November, the decoration, engraving and documentation was finalized. In January 2004, the brand new Heart Beat calibre will be presented to the trade press in Geneva and the new Heart Beat calibre product line to the major customers and the press at Baselworld 2004. In June 2004 the first deliveries will start.
Patent and Design Registration
Frédérique Constant applied for an extensive patent on the new design of the Heart Beat calibre. Furthermore, various design elements of the calibre, as well as the product line carrying the calibre, are in the process of an international design registration. Lastly, Frédérique Constant Heart Beat has been registered as a Trademark of Frédérique Constant.

Swiss Made
As part of the development of the Heart Beat Manufacture calibre, Frédérique Constant analyzed and evaluated the production capabilities of various components and calibre factories around the world. After this analysis the company has concluded that only Swiss factories have the ability to produce the required tolerances. Our required tolerances were from +0.004 –0.004 mm for mainplates and bridges up to +0.002 –0.002 mm for i.e. the escapement wheel pignons. Such requirements are pre-requisite to reach maximum accuracy and precision for the complete calibre. Consequently, all components, decoration and assemblage for the Heart Beat Manufacture are 100% Swiss Made.

Specifcations Heart Beat Calibre

Designation : FC-910-1
13 ¼ line (30.5 mm diameter)
4 Hz, 28.800 Bph
Manual Winding
48 hours Power Reserve
Efficiency gear train calculated 94%
KIF Fine regulation
KIF Antishock (2x)
Balance Wheel Glucydur
Spiral Nivarox No. 1
Amplitude +/- 300° at 0h and +/- 280° at 24h
Decoration Côte de Genève & Perlage

Number of Components
5 Platine and bridges
15 Gear Train
14 Tirette system
12 Reglage system
10 Assortment
17 Jewels
16 Screws
8 Other
Total: 97

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CALIBRE FC-915

After the major success of the first Heart Beat Manufacture, launched in 2004, Frédérique Constant proudly introduces the Heart Beat Manufacture Moonphase-Date.

The moon inside a window at 12 O’Clock on the dial of this model progresses through its various phases against the background of a night-blue sky. The aperture is bordered by the 31 numbers of the hand-type date display, exactly the way this type of indicator was arranged on classic watch models dating from the 1940's and 1950's.

Moonphase Display
The moon has always captivated humanity with its fascinating phases. The Frédérique Constant Heart Beat Manufacture Moonphase-Date provides a reminder of watchmaking’s numerous and ancient links to astronomy. Those who desire complications without giving up looks will find that the two aspects have met in watches that feature the lunar phases. Functionality and aesthetics come together wonderfully with graphical representations of the moon on dark blue backgrounds. The Moonphase indicator on the Heart Beat Manufacture FC-915 is run by a 59-tooth star, which corresponds to twice the full lunar cycle of 29.5 days. A regular rotation of the moon is once around the earth every 29 days, 12 hours, and 44 minutes. Once set, the Moonphase indicator of the Frédérique Constant Heart Beat Manufacture accurately displays the phase of the moon.

Attention for detail
The manual-winding calibre for the FC-915 Heart Beat Manufacture Moonphase-Date watches is made of 115 individual parts that have been engineered and machine produced to the highest precision. Parts are thereafter painstakingly polished and controlled by hand. The edges of the steel springs are bevelled and polished manually. This degree of attention for detail is not a means unto itself. It reduces friction at the wheel contact points and contributes significantly to the high level of precision and longevity of the Frédérique Constant Heart Beat Manufacture Moonphase-Date watch. The bridges of the calibre are decorated with Côte de Genève pattern and the mainplate is circular-grained (Côte de Paris) on the top. Edges are diamond-cut flawlessly to an angle of 35 degrees. Assembly of the calibre takes a month on average due to the many intricate operations and inspections required. The result is a flawless calibre that is an official acknowledgment of the ultimate standards of quality in mechanical timepieces.
Limited Editions in Gold and Stainless Steel
The Frédérique Constant Heart Beat Manufacture Moonphase-Date will be available in an 18K solid gold case, limited to 188 pieces per model. In addition, a Stainless Steel version is available limited to 888 pieces per model.  A sapphire crystal covers the delicate crafted dial with Arabic or Roman indexes. The sapphire crystal case back reveals the exquisite decorations and engraving of the complicated calibre. Annual production of these timepieces is restricted due to the limited capacity at Frédérique Constant that is required in crafting, assembling, and regulating these watches. Owners will be delighted to know that they possess a rare and unique timepiece that is in a class of its own with regard to esteem and value appreciation.

Specifcations Heart Beat Calibre
Designation : FC-915-1
Heart Beat, Hour, Minute, Moonphase, Date
13 ¼ line (30.5 mm diameter)
4 Hz, 28.800 Bph
Manual Winding
48 hours Power Reserve
Efficiency gear train calculated 94%
KIF Fine regulation
KIF Antishock (2x)
Balance Wheel Glucydur
Spiral Nivarox No. 1
Amplitude +/- 300° at 0h and +/- 280° at 24h
Decoration Côte de Genève, Côte de Paris & Perlage

Number of Components
7 Platine and bridges
15 Gear Train
14 Moonphase-Date indicators
14 Tirette system
12 Reglage system
10 Assortment
17 Jewels
18 Screws
8 Other
Total: 115

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CALIBRE FC-930

The automatic calibre for the FC-930 Heart Beat Manufacture Automatic is made of 126 individual parts, that have been engineered and machine produced to the highest precision. All components are painstakingly polished and controlled by hand. The edges of the steel springs are beveled and polished manually. This degree of attention to detail is not a means unto itself. It reduces friction at the wheel contact points and contributes significantly to the high level of precision and longevity of the Frédérique Constant Heart Beat Manufacture Automatic movement. The bridges of the calibre are decorated with Côte de Genève pattern and the main plate is circular-grained on the top. Edges are diamond-cut to an angle of 35 degrees. Assembly of the calibre takes a month on average due to the many intricate operations and inspections required. The striking rose gold plated rotor has a two-way winding system and is decorated with Côte de Genève pattern. The center of the rotor is left open, enabling the iconic Heart Beat opening to remain completely visible from both the back and front side of the watch. The rotor is positioned on top of the ball bearing, which increases the durability of the movement. The result is a flawless calibre that is an official acknowledgment of the ultimate standards of quality in mechanical timepieces.

One of the critical issues with automatic watches is their winding function. In an automatic watch, the mainspring is charged by the movement of the arm of the person wearing the watch. The movement of the arm makes the rotor inside an automatic watch turn. The turning rotor is then winding the mainspring that is the source of energy of the caliber.Some people however move their arms only few times per day and infrequently. Even for such persons, the mainspring should be kept wound to ensure that the caliber continues to function properly. Frederique Constant incorporated the following features to increase the winding efficiency of the new Heart Beat Manufacture Automatic.

Bi-directional winding
The rotor of the Frederique Constant Heart Beat Manufacture Automatic is winding the mainspring in two directions. Whether the rotor is moving from left-to-right or from right-to-left, both movements transfer winding energy to the mainspring via the winding mechanism. Bi-directional winding of the rotor is possible because Frederique Constant applied a two sophisticated reverse click wheels in its automatic winding mechanism.

10 Jewels
Rubies jewels inside a mechanical movement ensure minimum friction between various component parts. Most important friction that is reduced by the rubies is the friction between the axes of wheels and the bridges of the caliber. Typically an automatic winding mechanism of quality Swiss watch manufacturers makes use of 8 jewels. The automatic mechanism of the Frederique Constant Manufacture is build with 10 jewels. The additional jewels are applied inside the reverse click wheels (2x), reducing the friction of parts in these sophisticated wheels dramatically.
 
Heavy Metal
The Rotor of the Frederique Constant Heart Beat Manufacture is build with Heavy Metal (94% Tungsten, 6% Copper) on the outside edge. Having the heavy material on the outside diameter of the rotor ensures that most of the weight is far from the turning axe in the center of the rotor. This weight distribution enables maximum swing motion of the rotor.The center plate of the rotor is made of Laiton and has a large opening in order not to block the Heart Beat opening of the caliber. Both the Heavy Metal and Laiton is bond together by a sophisticated riveting process. Thereafter, the entire rotor is plated in 18K Rose gold.

Increase size Rotor
Many automatic calibers have rotors with a size of 25.6 mm. Size of the rotor on the Frederique Constant Heart Beat Automatic is 29.5 mm. Increasing the size of the rotor places the Heavy Metal more far from the center axe of the rotor. The longer distance increases the swing efficiency of the rotor with approximately 55% compared to a typical 25.6 mm rotor.

Ball Bearing
The Frederique Constant rotor is fixed onto the Heart Beat Manufacture caliber by a sophisticated Ball Bearing mechanism. Such Ball Bearing mechanism reduces friction between the rotor and the rest of the caliber almost completely. The Ball Bearing mechanism is covered by the center of the rotor.

Special Oiling
The automatic winding mechanism is oiled with a specially developed oil to reduce friction and ensure longevity of the winding functionality. Watchmakers at Frederique Constant place carefully measured oil drops on 15 positions during assembly of the winding mechanism of the Heart Beat Manufacture.

Specifications Heart Beat Calibre
Designation: FC-930-1
Heart Beat, Hour, Minute
13 ¼ line (30.5 mm diameter)
4 Hz, 28.800 Bph
Automatic Winding
42 hours Power Reserve
Efficiency gear train calculated 94%
KIF Fine regulation
KIF Anti-shock (2x)
Balance Wheel Glucydur
Spiral Nivarox No. 1
Amplitude +/- 300° at 0h and +/- 280° at 24h
DDecoration Côte de Genève, Perlage
Gold plated rotor decorated with Côte de Genève

Number of Components
7 Platine and bridges
15 Gear Train
4 Automatic Wheels
14 Tirette systems
12 Reglage systems
10 Assortments
27 Jewels
22 Screws
1 Rotor
14 Other
Total: 126
 

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CALIBRE FC-980 TOURBILLON

Frédérique Constant is proud to introduce a World Premiere: a Tourbillon watch with Silicium Escapement Wheel. Based on its award-winning Heart Beat Manufacture Calibre, Frédérique Constant developed its Tourbillon fully in-house with a number of unique features:

  • Silicium Escapement Wheel
  • Smart Weight Balancing
  • Fast Oscillation at 28’800 BpH
  • Tourbillon Cage individually numbered

With its three main advantages compared to a regular escapement wheel, a Silicium escapement wheel is particularly useful in a Tourbillon mechanism.  In particular, the reduced weight of the Silicium escapement wheel and the better friction properties result in a substantially higher energy efficiency. As a result, the Frédérique Constant Tourbillon with Silicium escapement wheel has an amplitude of over 300 degrees in dial-up and dial-down positions. Even in the crown-down position, the is over 275 degrees, which is substantially better than the performance of other high-end tourbillons.


Smart Weight Balancing 
The Frédérique Constant Tourbillon Cage consists of 80 parts. Each of these parts is produced to the highest possible tolerance, with a precision of 1-2 micron (0.001-0.002 mm). Many of the parts are produced on Frédérique Constant’s ultra precise CNC machine in Plan-les-Ouates.


This CNC machine of the latest custom-made generation has a tolerance of 1 micron on the X and Y axes and 2 micron on the Z axe. Even with such a high degree of precision, it is impossible to have a 100% equal distribution of weight in the individual parts; for a Tourbillon to run accurately, an equal distribution of weight is essential. Frédérique Constant solved this problem by a “Smart Screw” system on the outer edge of the Tourbillon cage. At first, the Tourbillon cage is constructed with a slight over-weight opposite the Smart Screw system on the main Cage Wheel. Thereafter, a highly skilled watchmaker is able to balance the weight into the center of the Tourbillon cage by adding or exchanging tiny metal rings under the two screws on the main cage wheel. Typically, 8 hours are required for a watchmaker to adjust the tiny rings and balance the weight perfectly for the entire Tourbillon cage. 

Fast Oscillation
The Frédérique Constant Tourbillon runs at 4 Hertz whereby the balance wheel beats 28’800 times per hour. Hence, in a Frédérique Constant Tourbillon, the balance wheel swings 28,800 times an hour and the gear train moves forward 691,200 times in 24 hours. In four years, this represents over one billion impulses.

Most competing Tourbillons run at 3 Hertz only. The higher ‘Beats per Hour’ (BpH) enable a higher accuracy of the Tourbillon calibre. The higher oscillation also makes the calibre less susceptible to gyration effects.

Individually Numbered
Each Tourbillon cage is individually numbered to show the Limited Edition of 188 pieces. The minuscule top plate in the center of the Tourbillon cage is sequentially numbered during production on the Frédérique Constant CNC machine. The number on the cage will match the Limited Edition number on the case, making the combination of calibre and case unique.

Silicium Escapement Wheel
The accuracy of a mechanical movement is dependent on the accuracy of the timing device. The timing device for a Frédérique Constant mechanical Heart Beat Calibre is the balance wheel, the balance-spring and the escapement. The balance wheel spins back and forward with a frequency of 4Hz. The period of swing of the balance wheel determines the accuracy. The crucial element in escapement design is to give just enough energy to the balance wheel in order to keep it swinging, and to interfere with the free swinging of the balance wheel as little as is possible. As the lubrication
of the escapement ages, friction will increase, and less power will be transferred to the balance wheel.

The escapement must keep the balance-spring winding and unwinding. For most of watch-making history, these requirements have involved considerable friction in the escapement. The teeth of the escapement wheel are powered by the main spring power source, and they actually slide against the ratchet teeth before they lock; this is the friction which kicks the anchor but which requires lubrication. In a modern escapement, the teeth of the ratchet are made of very hard and very polished stone, but lubrication is still essential. The ticking sound of a Frédérique Constant watch is the sound of the balance-spring gear and escapement
teeth locking into with each other. If the lubrication fails (through age-related thinning or drying) then the escapement can suffer damage and metal parts will require replacement. The increased reliability of modern watches is due primarily to the higher quality oils used to lubricate the escapement. Typically, a mechanical calibre needs to be cleaned and re-oiled every four years.



Research & Development
In line with watch industry developments, Frédérique Constant researched the application of new materials for its Heart Beat Manufacture calibres. Obviously, a major improvement would be an escapement that does not require regular lubrication. Frédérique Constant is proud to introduce a limited edition series that incorporates a silicium escapement wheel that will no longer need lubrication. Silicium is the ideal material for use in watch making as it is not magnetic, is extremely hard (1100 Vickers compared to 700 Vickers for steel), and is highly resistant to corrosion. The biggest advantage of a silicium escapement wheel is that it does not need to be lubricated. As it does not need to be lubricated, previously mentioned disadvantages such as age-related thinning and drying of lubrication will no longer occur.

Silicium
Silicium is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Si and atomic number 14. A tetravalent metalloid, Silicium is less reactive than its chemical analog carbon. It does not occur free in nature. It mainly occurs in minerals consisting of (practically) pure Silicium dioxide in different crystalline forms (quartz, chalcedony, opal) and as silicates (various minerals containing Silicium, oxygen and one or another metal), for example feldspar. Silicium is the principal component of most semiconductor devices and, in the form of silica and silicates, in glass, cement, and ceramics. Silicium is widely used in semiconductors because it remains a semiconductor at higher temperatures than the semiconductor Germanium and because its native oxide is easily grown in a furnace and forms a better semiconductor/ dielectric interface than almost all other material combinations. In its crystalline form, Silicium has a dark grey color and a metallic luster. It is similar to glass in that it is rather strong. Pure Silicium has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance, since the number of free charge carriers increases with temperature.



 

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